China's manufacturing needs to go out of the "lack of mechanic"
In recent years, the number of college graduates in China has been innovating. Every year, close to the graduation, there will be a lot of people from all walks of life to evaluate the difficulty of employment. "The most difficult employment season in history" has been repeatedly broken. In 2013, 6 million 990 thousand of college graduates in China increased to 7 million 270 thousand in 2014, an increase of 280 thousand over the previous year. In 2015, college graduates were 7 million 490 thousand, an increase of 220 thousand over the previous year. In May 20th this year, the National College Graduates' employment work TV conference, from a news conference, the number of college graduates this year, a record high, up to 7 million 560 thousand people, plus this year the downtown pressure on the economy is still large, is called "the most difficult employment season" is no exaggeration.
However, with the difficult employment of college students, there is a shortage of technical workers throughout the country. "The excess of college students" and "the severe lack of mechanic" are the two heavy days of ice fire, and the difference between them is huge. In many provinces, a business boss is the most helpless thing, it is difficult to recruit workers, and more difficult to recruit technicians. Even in some parts of the southeast coast, a migrant worker returns home to a worker and rewards 500 - 1000 yuan.
The revitalization and development of China's manufacturing industry requires a large number of skilled and skilled workers. The structure of skilled workers that match the modern industrial structure should be the majority of intermediate and senior skilled workers, and at present, the structure of our technical workers is the opposite. The reasonable proportion of the technical workers in the developed countries provided by the International Labour Organization is 35%, 50% and 15% respectively. The proportion of skilled workers in developed countries is 20% - 40%, while China is less than 4%, and there are tens of millions of people on the gap.
It is necessary to point out that the "craftsman" is a common phenomenon. From the south to the north, from the east to the west, all the technicians are crying out. Even ordinary skilled jobs have a big gap in many areas. In Guangdong Province, such as electrician, fitter, Turner, welding, refrigeration and other skilled workers, in the last century at the end of 70s, Guangdong has thousands of people, and now the gap has reached four million people, of which the CNC technology gap of more than 100 thousand people. In Shanghai, the average skilled worker in Shanghai has a choice of 3000 yuan to 6000 yuan per month and ten thousand or twenty thousand yuan per month for the senior mechanic. In the future, there will be about 20 thousand demand for senior technicians in Shanghai. Most of them will focus on the production of high value-added industries such as process design, mechanical processing, electrical equipment, optical and electromechanical integration.
Liaoning is famous for its equipment manufacturing industry. Meng Tai, Wang Chonglun, Zhang Chengzhe, Wei Fengying and other well-known national labor models have been emerging as fertile ground for the growth of vocational skills talents. But the contradiction is that the equipment manufacturing industry is lack of equipment manufacturing technology personnel. The lack of skilled workers leads to the fact that Liaoning's manufacturing innovation ability is not strong, R & D capability is poor, labor efficiency and management level are relatively low, which restricts the upgrading and transformation of equipment manufacturing industry. At present, the serious lack of medium and high technical workers has become the bottleneck of the development of Liaoning's manufacturing industry.
Why is the mechanic so short? I think the unbalance of the structure of technical education is a deep reason.
First of all, vocational and technical education is seriously lagging behind. During the two sessions of 2016, the representative of the National People's Congress, Beijing
Zhao Yu, chief technician of Mercedes Benz, has submitted two proposals, namely, "suggestions on training vocational education and skilled personnel", "suggestions on expanding vocational skills training and implementing skills employment projects". Zhao Yu is the chief technician of the Beijing Benz Automobile Co auto regulator, a technical backbone from the production line. During the previous three years, he has submitted "on the reference of school enterprise cooperation mode in developed countries, to cultivate high-quality skilled talents," suggestions "on improving the occupation education, strengthen the skills training and" suggestions "on issues related to the development of occupation education proposal", attracted public attention and discussion. Zhao Yu said: "I have been working in the forefront of modern manufacturing industry, not only have the opportunity to learn to study in Germany, the development group to visit Canada also once with the occupation education on behalf of the Ministry of human resources, we deeply feel the occupation education development lags behind, leading to the current situation of skilled personnel team has already restricted me country to a powerful manufacturing country stride."
The second is the social prejudice against vocational and technical education. Paying attention to general education and neglecting vocational education are generally the universal values of the whole society. The parents of most students choose to go to high school at their children's junior high school graduation, even if the poor high school is not a job high. When students graduate from college or college, they do not want to be employed in the factory even if they are unemployed. Public opinion almost leans over "light industry", neglects the publicity of the status and role of skilled workers, one-sided pursuit of highly educated, unwilling to become workers, resulting in a shortage of skilled workers. Young people are fickle because of their social status and income. They are not willing to be workers and do not want to learn the technology actively.
Moreover, from the perspective of social education, the development of general education, vocational education and adult education is not coordinated. Secondary vocational education development is much slower than the development of ordinary high schools. Most vocational schools specializes in social services, such as secretarial, accounting, tourism, business, foreign languages, etc. In the face of high demand technicians, the source of the technical school is seriously inadequate. In society, there is also a lack of training institutions for skills promotion, and the opportunities and channels for the workers to learn and study are very few, and it is difficult to improve the skills.
In addition, enterprises also lack incentive mechanism. Some enterprises do not carry out professional title evaluation for many years, wages and skills level is not linked up, the contribution of employees and personal income are not linked, resulting in the atmosphere of learning skills is not strong, and the team of skilled workers is unstable. This is also an important reason for the lack of technical workers.
Of course, it is fundamentally the tilt of the view of talent. One is the narrow talent only education, only the title of the prevailing view, diploma, light skill concept, if a student holding a vocational school diploma, find a job in the enterprise can, but to enter into state-owned enterprises, institutions, the civil service exam, impossible. The general "diploma discrimination" and "diploma discrimination" in society have hindered the full exploitation and utilization of talent resources. On the other hand, the standard of talent identification is solidified and rigid. For a long time, the senior skilled workers and skilled laborers are not regarded as talents, or are regarded as marginalized talents.
How to get out of the "craftsman lack" of the strange circle? Liaoning province's skill master studio (station) attempts to learn from. In order to train more highly skilled talents to meet the requirements of industrial transformation and upgrading, Liaoning province starts the skill master studio (station), and strives to form a network of skills transfer and promotion covering the key industries and characteristic industries in 2020. In order to support workstations, the government gave every provincial skill master workstation 100 thousand yuan of funds support at one time. The support fund for each approved national skill master studio was 100 thousand yuan, which was used for training supplies purchase, technology exchange and promotion cost. Under the promotion of policies, Xu Qiang, the Shenyang blower group, Cui Ligang of TOYOTA Jinbei Technician College of Liaoning, and Zhong double Hong of Wafangdian City Bearing Group Co., Ltd., respectively created the skill masters studio of equipment manufacturing, mechanical processing, information technology and other industries. At present, Liaoning has established 20 national skill master workshops and 60 provincial master workstations. A large number of various areas of the studio technology, "cattle" Chinese skills award winning a national technical experts, senior technicians have to enjoy the special allowance of the State Council and the provincial government special allowance, in their production, technical research, innovation, scientific and technological achievements transformation, with only plays art director.
At the same time, we should speed up the reform of technical schools, further establish the idea of training for employment service, and guide skilled workers' schools to face the labor market and undertake the task of re employment training. We should strengthen school enterprise cooperation, cultivate new vocational education mode, sign training agreements between schools and enterprises, use order training method, and customize specialized blue collar technicians for enterprises, and train more practical talents.
What's more, the whole society should change the concept of talent, from the top design talent training and evaluation strategy, constructing the system of modern occupation education, occupation education students make a technology in hand, employment prospects and promising careers; and the respect of skilled technical workers, set up from school to employment, from the salary guarantee to improve the system of protection of rights, let skilled laborers have reliable social security and stable growth space; change only in the selection and appointment of the diploma only school atmosphere, really not only academic ability only, make the vocational school students have more choices. The environment has changed, the idea has changed, so that the vocational education can really usher in the spring. To break the shackles and barriers to success of workers who have to establish reputation as an authority, outstanding mechanic proper social position, let technology workers truly become the enterprise "xiangbobo" incentive employees pride, sense of honor and responsibility, to contribute to the world China manufacturing.
